NAME¶

gl_io_mode, gl_raw_io, gl_normal_io, gl_tty_signals, gl_abandon_line,
gl_handle_signal, gl_pending_io - How to use gl_get_line() from an external event loop.

SYNOPSIS¶

#include <libtecla.h>
int gl_io_mode(GetLine *gl, GlIOMode mode);
int gl_raw_io(GetLine *gl);
int gl_normal_io(GetLine *gl);
int gl_tty_signals(void (*term_handler)(int),


                   void (*susp_handler)(int),


                   void (*cont_handler)(int),


                   void (*size_handler)(int));
void gl_abandon_line(GetLine *gl);
void gl_handle_signal(int signo, GetLine *gl, int ngl);
GlPendingIO gl_pending_io(GetLine *gl);

DESCRIPTION¶

The gl_get_line() function, which is documented separately in the gl_get_line(3) man page, supports two different I/O modes. These are selected by calling the gl_io_mode() function.

  int gl_io_mode(GetLine *gl, GlIOMode mode);

The mode argument of this function specifies the new I/O mode, and must be one of the following.

  GL_NORMAL_MODE   -  Select the normal blocking-I/O mode.


                      In this mode gl_get_line()


                      doesn't return until either an error


                      occurs of the user finishes entering a


                      new line. This mode is the focus of


                      the gl_get_line(3) man page.


  GL_SERVER_MODE   -  Select non-blocking server I/O mode.


                      In this mode, since non-blocking


                      terminal I/O is used, the entry of


                      each new input line typically requires


                      many calls to gl_get_line() from


                      an external I/O-driven event loop.


                      This mode is the focus of this man


                      page.

Newly created GetLine objects start in normal I/O mode, so to switch to non-blocking server mode requires an initial call to gl_io_mode().

SERVER I/O MODE¶

In non-blocking server I/O mode, the application is required to have an event loop which calls gl_get_line() whenever the terminal file descriptor can do the type I/O that gl_get_line() is waiting for. To determine which type of I/O gl_get_line() is waiting for, the application calls the gl_pending_io() function.

  GlPendingIO gl_pending_io(GetLine *gl);

The return value of this function is one of the following two enumerated values.

  GLP_READ    -  gl_get_line() is waiting to write a


                 character to the terminal.


  GLP_WRITE   -  gl_get_line() is waiting to read a


                 character from the keyboad.

If the application is using either the select() or poll() system calls to watch for I/O on a group of file descriptors, then it should call the gl_pending_io() function before each call to these functions to see which direction of I/O it should tell them to watch for, and configure their arguments accordingly. In the case of the select() system call, this means using the FD_SET() macro to add the terminal file descriptor either to the set of file descriptors to be watched for readability, or the set to be watched for writability.

As in normal I/O mode, the return value of gl_get_line() is either a pointer to a completed input line, or NULL. However, whereas in normal I/O mode a NULL return value always means that an error occurred, in non-blocking server mode, NULL is also returned when gl_get_line() can't read or write to the terminal without blocking. Thus in non-blocking server mode, in order to determine when a NULL return value signifies that an error occurred or not, it is necessary to call the gl_return_status() function. If this function returns the enumerated value, GLR_BLOCKED, as documented in the gl_get_line(3) man page, this means that gl_get_line() is waiting for I/O, and no error has occurred.

When gl_get_line() returns NULL and gl_return_status() indicates that this is due to blocked terminal I/O, the application should call gl_get_line() again when the type of I/O reported by gl_pending_io() becomes possible. The prompt, start_line and start_pos arguments of gl_get_line() will be ignored on these calls. If you need to change the prompt of the line that is currently being edited, then you can call the gl_replace_prompt() function (documented in the gl_get_line(3) man page) between calls to gl_get_line().

GIVING UP THE TERMINAL¶

A complication that is unique to non-blocking server mode is that it requires that the terminal be left in raw mode between calls to gl_get_line(). If this weren't the case, the external event loop wouldn't be able to detect individual key-presses, and the basic line editing implemented by the terminal driver would clash with the editing provided by gl_get_line(). What this means is that any time that the terminal needs to be used for other things than entering a new input line with gl_get_line(), it needs to be restored to a usable state. In particular, whenever the process is suspended or terminated, the terminal must be returned to a normal state. If this isn't done, then depending on the characteristics of the shell that was used to invoke the program, the user may end up with a hung terminal. To this end, the gl_normal_io() function is provided for switching the terminal back to the state that it was in when raw mode was last established.

  int gl_normal_io(GetLine *gl);

What this function does is first flush any pending output to the terminal, then move the cursor to the start of the terminal line which follows the end of the incompletely entered input line. At this point it is safe to suspend or terminate the process, and it is safe for the application to read and write to the terminal. To resume entry of the input line, the application should call the gl_raw_io() function.

  int gl_raw_io(GetLine *gl);

This function starts a new line, redisplays the partially completed input line (if any), restores the cursor position within this line to where it was when gl_normal_io() was called, then switches back to raw, non-blocking terminal mode ready to continue entry of the input line when gl_get_line() is next called.

Note that in non-blocking server mode, if gl_get_line() is called after a call to gl_normal_io(), without an intervening call to gl_raw_io(), gl_get_line() will call gl_raw_mode() itself, and the terminal will remain in this mode when gl_get_line() returns.

SIGNAL HANDLING¶

In the previous section it was pointed out that in non-blocking server mode, the terminal must be restored to a sane state whenever a signal is received that either suspends or terminates the process. In normal I/O mode, this is done for you by gl_get_line(), but in non-blocking server mode, since the terminal is left in raw mode between calls to gl_get_line(), this signal handling has to be done by the application. Since there are many signals that can suspend or terminate a process, as well as other signals that are important to gl_get_line(), such as the SIGWINCH signal, which tells it when the terminal size has changed, the gl_tty_signals() function is provided for installing signal handlers for all pertinent signals.

  int gl_tty_signals(void (*term_handler)(int),


                     void (*susp_handler)(int),


                     void (*cont_handler)(int),


                     void (*size_handler)(int));

What this does is use gl_get_line()'s internal list of signals to assign specified signal handlers to groups of signals. The arguments of this function are as follows.

  term_handler  -  This is the signal handler that is to be


                   used to trap signals that by default


                   terminate any process that receives


                   them (eg. SIGINT or SIGTERM).


  susp_handler  -  This is the signal handler that is to be


                   used to trap signals that by default


                   suspend any process that receives them,


                   (eg. SIGTSTP or SIGTTOU).


  cont_handler  -  This is the signal handler that is to be


                   used to trap signals that are usually


                   sent when a process resumes after being


                   suspended (usually SIGCONT). Beware that there is


                   nothing to stop a user from sending one of these


                   signals at other times.


  size_handler  -  This signal handler is used to trap


                   signals that are sent to processes when


                   their controlling terminals are resized


                   by the user (eg. SIGWINCH).

These arguments can all be the same, if so desired, and you can specify SIG_IGN (ignore this signal) or SIG_DFL (use the system-provided default signal handler) instead of a function where pertinent. In particular, it is rarely useful to trap SIGCONT, so the cont_handler argument will usually be SIG_DFL or SIG_IGN.

The gl_tty_signals() function uses the POSIX sigaction() function to install these signal handlers, and it is careful to use the sa_mask member of each sigaction structure to ensure that only one of these signals is ever delivered at a time. This guards against different instances of these signal handlers from simultaneously trying to write to common global data, such as a shared sigsetjmp() buffer or a signal-received flag.

The signal handlers that are installed by this function, should call the gl_handle_signal().

  void gl_handle_signal(int signo, GetLine *gl, int ngl);

The signo argument tells this function which signal it is being asked to respond to, and the gl argument should be a pointer to the first element of an array of ngl GetLine objects. If your application only has one of these objects, just pass its pointer as the gl argument and specify ngl as 1.

Depending on the signal that is being handled, this function does different things.

Process termination signals.¶

If the signal that was caught is one of those that by default terminates any process that receives it, then gl_handle_signal() does the following steps.

1. First it blocks the delivery of all signals that can be
blocked (ie. SIGKILL and SIGSTOP can't be blocked)

2. Next it calls gl_normal_io() for each of the ngl
GetLine objects. Note that this does nothing to any of the
GetLine objects that aren't currently in raw mode.

3. Next it sets the signal handler of the signal to its default,
process-termination disposition.

4. Next it re-sends the process the signal that was caught.

5. Finally it unblocks delivery of this signal, which
results in the process being terminated.

Process suspension signals.¶

If the default disposition of the signal is to suspend the process, the same steps are executed as for process termination signals, except that when the process is later resumed, gl_handle_signal() continues, and does the following steps.

6. It re-blocks delivery of the signal.

7. It reinstates the signal handler of the signal to the one
that was displaced when its default disposition was substituted.

8. For any of the GetLine objects that were in raw mode when
gl_handle_signal() was called, gl_handle_signal() then
calls gl_raw_io(), to resume entry of the input lines on
those terminals.

9. Finally, it restores the signal process mask to how it
was when gl_handle_signal() was called.

Note that the process is suspended or terminated using the original signal that was caught, rather than using the uncatchable SIGSTOP and SIGKILL signals. This is important, because when a process is suspended or terminated, the parent of the process may wish to use the status value returned by the wait() system call to figure out which signal was responsible. In particular, most shells use this information to print a corresponding message to the terminal. Users would be rightly confused if when their process received a SIGPIPE signal, the program responded by sending itself a SIGKILL signal, and the shell then printed out the provocative statement, "Killed!".

INTERRUPTING THE EVENT LOOP¶

If a signal is caught and handled when the application's event loop is waiting in select() or poll(), these functions will be aborted with errno set to EINTR. When this happens the event loop should call gl_pending_io(), before calling select() or poll() again. It should then arrange for select() or poll() to wait for the type of I/O that this reports. This is necessary, because any signal handler which calls gl_handle_signal(), will frequently change the type of I/O that gl_get_line() is waiting for.

Unfortunately, if a signal arrives between the statements which configure the arguments of select() or poll() and the calls to these functions, then the signal will not be seen by these functions, which will then not be aborted. If these functions are waiting for keyboard input from the user when the signal is received, and the signal handler arranges to redraw the input line to accomodate a terminal resize or the resumption of the process, then this redisplay will be end up being delayed until the user hits the next key. Apart from puzzling the user, this clearly isn't a serious problem. However there is a way, albeit complicated, to completely avoid this race condition. The following steps illustrate this.

1. Block all of the signals that gl_get_line() catches,
by passing the signal set returned by gl_list_signals() to
sigprocmask().

2. Call gl_pending_io() and set up the arguments of
select() or poll() accordingly.

3. Call sigsetjmp() with a non-zero savesigs argument.

4. Initially this sigsetjmp() statement will return zero,
indicating that control isn't resuming there after a matching
call to siglongjmp().

5. Replace all of the handlers of the signals that gl_get_line()
is configured to catch, with a signal handler that first records
the number of the signal that was caught, in a file-scope variable,
then calls siglongjmp() with a non-zero value argument, to
return execution to the above sigsetjmp()
statement. Registering these signal handlers can conveniently be
done using the gl_tty_signals() function.

6. Set the file-scope variable that the above signal handler uses to
record any signal that is caught to -1, so that we can check
whether a signal was caught by seeing if it contains a valid signal
number.

7. Now unblock the signals that were blocked in step 1. Any signal
that was received by the process in between step 1 and now will
now be delivered, and trigger our signal handler, as will any
signal that is received until we block these signals again.

8. Now call select() or poll().

9. When select() returns, again block the signals that were
unblocked in step 7.

If a signal is arrived any time during the above steps, our signal handler will be triggered and cause control to return to the sigsetjmp() statement, where this time, sigsetjmp() will return non-zero, indicating that a signal was caught. When this happens we simply skip the above block of statements, and continue with the following statements, which are executed regardless of whether or not a signal is caught. Note that when sigsetjmp() returns, regardless of why it returned, the process signal mask is returned to how it was when sigsetjmp() was called. Thus the following statements are always executed with all of our signals blocked.

9. Reinstate the signal handlers that were displaced in step 5.

10. Check wether a signal was caught, by checking the file-scope
variable that the signal handler records signal numbers in.

11. If a signal was caught, send this signal to the application
again, and unblock just this signal, so that it invokes the
signal handler which we just reinstated in step 10.

12. Unblock all of the signals that were blocked in step 7.

Since this is complicated, note that demo3.c includes a working example of how to do this. The method used there however, is more general than the above. What it provides is a wrapper function around select() which encompasses steps 3 to 11. In this wrapper, rather than use gl_list_signals() to figure out the signals to block, and and gl_tty_signals() to assign and revert signal handlers, one of its arguments is a sigset_t which specifies which signals to block and assign signal handlers to. This function thus doesn't depend on gl_get_line() and can thus be used in other situations where race-condition-free signal handling is required.

SIGNALS CAUGHT BY GL_GET_LINE¶

Since the application is expected to handle signals in non-blocking server mode, gl_get_line() doesn't attempt to duplicate this when it is being called. If one of the signals that it is configured to catch is sent to the application while gl_get_line() is being called, gl_get_line() reinstates the caller's signal handlers, then just before returning, re-sends the signal to the process to let the application's signal handler handle it. If the process isn't terminated by this signal, gl_get_line() returns NULL, and a following call to gl_return_status() returns the enumerated value GLR_SIGNAL.

ABORTING LINE INPUT¶

Often, rather than letting it terminate the process, applications respond to the SIGINT user-interrupt signal by aborting the current input line. The way to do this in non-blocking server-I/O mode is to not call gl_handle_signal() when this signal is caught, but instead to call the gl_abandon_line().

  void gl_abandon_line(GetLine *gl);

This function arranges that when gl_get_line() is next called, it first flushes any pending output to the terminal, then discardes the current input line, outputs a new prompt on the next line, and finally starts accepting input of a new input line from the user.

SIGNAL SAFE FUNCTIONS¶

Provided that certain rules are followed, the following functions can have been written to be safely callable from signal handlers. Other functions in this library should not be called from signal handlers.

  gl_normal_io()


  gl_raw_io()


  gl_handle_signal()


  gl_abandon_line()

In order for this to be true, all signal handlers that call these functions must be registered in such a way that only one instance of any one of them can be running at one time. The way to do this is to use the POSIX sigaction() function to register all signal handlers, and when doing this, use the sa_mask member of the corresponding sigaction structure, to indicate that all of the signals who's handlers invoke the above functions, should be blocked when the current signal is being handled. This prevents two signal handlers from operating on a GetLine object at the same time.

To prevent signal handlers from accessing a GetLine object while gl_get_line() or any of its associated public functions are operating on it, all public functions associated with gl_get_line(), including gl_get_line() itself, temporarily block the delivery of signals when they are accessing GetLine objects. Beware that the only signals that they block are the signals that gl_get_line() is currently configured to catch, so be sure that if you call any of the above functions from signal handlers, that the signals that these handlers are assigned to are configured to be caught by gl_get_line() (see gl_trap_signal()).

USING TIMEOUTS TO POLL¶

If instead of using select() or poll() to wait for I/O, your application just needs to get out of gl_get_line() periodically to briefly do something else before returning to accept input from the user, this can be done in non-blocking server mode by using the gl_inactivity_timeout() function (see gl_get_line(3)), to specify that a callback function that returns GLTO_CONTINUE should be called whenever gl_get_line() has been waiting for I/O for more than a specified amount of time.

When this callback is triggered, gl_get_line() will return NULL, and a following call to gl_return_status() will return GLR_BLOCKED.

Beware that gl_get_line() won't return until the user hasn't typed a key for the specified interval, so if the interval is long, and the user keeps typing, gl_get_line() may not return for a while. In other words there is no guarantee that it will return in the time specified.

THE SERVER DEMO PROGRAM¶

The demo3 program that is distributed with the library, provides a working example of how to use non-blocking server I/O mode in a real program. As far as the user is concerned, this program operates identically to the main demo program (called demo), except that whereas the main demo program uses the normal blocking I/O mode, demo3 using non-blocking I/O and an external event loop. The source code can be found in demo3.c, and the comments therein explain the various steps.

FILES¶

libtecla.a      -    The tecla library
libtecla.h      -    The tecla header file.

SEE ALSO¶

libtecla(3), gl_get_line(3), tecla(7), ef_expand_file(3),
cpl_complete_word(3), pca_lookup_file(3)

AUTHOR¶

Martin Shepherd (mcs@astro.caltech.edu)