NAME¶

std::vector::back - std::vector::back

Synopsis¶

reference back(); (1) (constexpr since C++20)
const_reference back() const; (2) (constexpr since C++20)

Returns a reference to the last element in the container.

Calling back on an empty container causes undefined behavior.

Parameters¶

(none)

Return value¶

Reference to the last element.

Complexity¶

Constant.

Notes¶

For a non-empty container c, the expression c.back() is equivalent to
*std::prev(c.end()).

Example¶

The following code uses back to display the last element of a std::vector<char>:

// Run this code

#include <vector>
#include <iostream>

int main()
{
std::vector<char> letters{'a', 'b', 'c', 'd', 'e', 'f'};

if (!letters.empty())
std::cout << "The last character is '" << letters.back() << "'.\n";
}

Output:¶

The last character is 'f'.

See also¶

front access the first element
(public member function)