NAME¶

std::promise - std::promise

Synopsis¶

Defined in header <future>
template< class R > class promise; (1) (since C++11)
template< class R > class promise<R&>; (2) (since C++11)
template<> class promise<void>; (3) (since C++11)

1) Base template.
2) Non-void specialization, used to communicate objects between threads.
3) void specialization, used to communicate stateless events.

The class template std::promise provides a facility to store a value or an exception
that is later acquired asynchronously via a std::future object created by the
std::promise object. Note that the std::promise object is meant to be used only
once.

Each promise is associated with a shared state, which contains some state
information and a result which may be not yet evaluated, evaluated to a value
(possibly void) or evaluated to an exception. A promise may do three things with the
shared state:

* make ready: the promise stores the result or the exception in the shared state.
Marks the state ready and unblocks any thread waiting on a future associated
with the shared state.
* release: the promise gives up its reference to the shared state. If this was the
last such reference, the shared state is destroyed. Unless this was a shared
state created by std::async which is not yet ready, this operation does not
block.
* abandon: the promise stores the exception of type std::future_error with error
code std::future_errc::broken_promise, makes the shared state ready, and then
releases it.

The promise is the "push" end of the promise-future communication channel: the
operation that stores a value in the shared state synchronizes-with (as defined in
std::memory_order) the successful return from any function that is waiting on the
shared state (such as std::future::get). Concurrent access to the same shared state
may conflict otherwise: for example multiple callers of std::shared_future::get must
either all be read-only or provide external synchronization.

Member functions¶

constructor constructs the promise object
(public member function)
destructor destructs the promise object
(public member function)
operator= assigns the shared state
(public member function)
swap swaps two promise objects
(public member function)

Getting the result¶

get_future returns a future associated with the promised result
(public member function)

Setting the result¶

set_value sets the result to specific value
(public member function)
sets the result to specific value while delivering the
set_value_at_thread_exit notification only at thread exit
(public member function)
set_exception sets the result to indicate an exception
(public member function)
sets the result to indicate an exception while
set_exception_at_thread_exit delivering the notification only at thread exit
(public member function)

Non-member functions¶

std::swap(std::promise) specializes the std::swap algorithm
(C++11) (function template)

Helper classes¶

std::uses_allocator<std::promise> specializes the std::uses_allocator type trait
(C++11) (class template specialization)

Example¶

This example shows how promise<int> can be used as signals between threads.

// Run this code

#include <chrono>
#include <future>
#include <iostream>
#include <numeric>
#include <thread>
#include <vector>

void accumulate(std::vector<int>::iterator first,
std::vector<int>::iterator last,
std::promise<int> accumulate_promise)
{
int sum = std::accumulate(first, last, 0);
accumulate_promise.set_value(sum); // Notify future
}

void do_work(std::promise<void> barrier)
{
std::this_thread::sleep_for(std::chrono::seconds(1));
barrier.set_value();
}

int main()
{
// Demonstrate using promise<int> to transmit a result between threads.
std::vector<int> numbers = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6};
std::promise<int> accumulate_promise;
std::future<int> accumulate_future = accumulate_promise.get_future();
std::thread work_thread(accumulate, numbers.begin(), numbers.end(),
std::move(accumulate_promise));

// future::get() will wait until the future has a valid result and retrieves it.
// Calling wait() before get() is not needed
// accumulate_future.wait(); // wait for result
std::cout << "result=" << accumulate_future.get() << '\n';
work_thread.join(); // wait for thread completion

// Demonstrate using promise<void> to signal state between threads.
std::promise<void> barrier;
std::future<void> barrier_future = barrier.get_future();
std::thread new_work_thread(do_work, std::move(barrier));
barrier_future.wait();
new_work_thread.join();
}

Output:¶

result=21