NAME¶

std::make_shared,std::make_shared_for_overwrite - std::make_shared,std::make_shared_for_overwrite

Synopsis¶

Defined in header <memory>
template< class T, class... Args > (1) (since C++11)
shared_ptr<T> make_shared( Args&&... args ); (T is not array)
template< class T > (2) (since C++20)
shared_ptr<T> make_shared( std::size_t N ); (T is U[])
template< class T > (3) (since C++20)
shared_ptr<T> make_shared(); (T is U[N])
template< class T > (since C++20)
shared_ptr<T> make_shared( std::size_t N, const (4) (T is U[])
std::remove_extent_t<T>& u );
template< class T > (5) (since C++20)
shared_ptr<T> make_shared( const std::remove_extent_t<T>& u ); (T is U[N])
template< class T > (6) (since C++20)
shared_ptr<T> make_shared_for_overwrite(); (T is not U[])
template< class T > (7) (since C++20)
shared_ptr<T> make_shared_for_overwrite( std::size_t N ); (T is U[])

1) Constructs an object of type T and wraps it in a std::shared_ptr using args as
the parameter list for the constructor of T. The object is constructed as if by the
expression ::new (pv) T(std::forward<Args>(args)...), where pv is an internal void*
pointer to storage suitable to hold an object of type T. The storage is typically
larger than sizeof(T) in order to use one allocation for both the control block of
the shared pointer and the T object. The std::shared_ptr constructor called by this
function enables shared_from_this with a pointer to the newly constructed object of
type T.

This overload participates in overload resolution only if T is not an (since C++20)
array type.

2,3) Same as (1), but the object constructed is a possibly-multidimensional array
whose non-array elements of type std::remove_all_extents_t<T> are value-initialized
as if by placement-new expression ::new(pv) std::remove_all_extents_t<T>(). The
overload (2) creates an array of size N along the first dimension. The array
elements are initialized in ascending order of their addresses, and when their
lifetime ends are destroyed in the reverse order of their original construction.
4,5) Same as (2,3), but every element is initialized from the default value u. If U
is not an array type, then this is performed as if by the same placement-new
expression as in (1); otherwise, this is performed as if by initializing every
non-array element of the (possibly multidimensional) array with the corresponding
element from u with the same placement-new expression as in (1). The overload (4)
creates an array of size N along the first dimension. The array elements are
initialized in ascending order of their addresses, and when their lifetime ends are
destroyed in the reverse order of their original construction.
6) Same as (1) if T is not an array type and (3) if T is U[N], except that the
created object is default-initialized.
7) Same as (2), except that the individual array elements are default-initialized.

In each case, the object
(or individual elements if T is an array type)
(since C++20) will be destroyed by p->~X(), where p is a pointer to the object and X
is its type.

Parameters¶

args - list of arguments with which an instance of T will be constructed
N - array size to use
u - the initial value to initialize every element of the array

Return value¶

std::shared_ptr of an instance of type T.

Exceptions¶

May throw std::bad_alloc or any exception thrown by the constructor of T. If an
exception is thrown, the functions have no effect.
If an exception is thrown during the construction of the array, already-initialized
elements are destroyed in reverse order.
(since C++20)

Notes¶

This function may be used as an alternative to std::shared_ptr<T>(new T(args...)).
The trade-offs are:

* std::shared_ptr<T>(new T(args...)) performs at least two allocations (one for
the object T and one for the control block of the shared pointer), while
std::make_shared<T> typically performs only one allocation (the standard
recommends, but does not require this; all known implementations do this).
* If any std::weak_ptr references the control block created by std::make_shared
after the lifetime of all shared owners ended, the memory occupied by T persists
until all weak owners get destroyed as well, which may be undesirable if
sizeof(T) is large.
* std::shared_ptr<T>(new T(args...)) may call a non-public constructor of T if
executed in context where it is accessible, while std::make_shared requires
public access to the selected constructor.
* Unlike the std::shared_ptr constructors, std::make_shared does not allow a
custom deleter.
* std::make_shared uses ::new, so if any special behavior has been set up using a
class-specific operator new, it will differ from std::shared_ptr<T>(new
T(args...)).

* std::shared_ptr supports array types (as of C++17), but
std::make_shared does not. This functionality is supported by (until C++20)
boost::make_shared.

* code such as f(std::shared_ptr<int>(new int(42)), g()) can cause a
memory leak if g gets called after new int(42) and throws an (until C++17)
exception, while f(std::make_shared<int>(42), g()) is safe, since
two function calls are never interleaved.

A constructor enables shared_from_this with a pointer ptr of type U* means that it
determines if U has an
unambiguous and accessible
(since C++17) base class that is a specialization of std::enable_shared_from_this,
and if so, the constructor evaluates the statement:

if (ptr != nullptr && ptr->weak_this.expired())
ptr->weak_this = std::shared_ptr<std::remove_cv_t<U>>(
*this, const_cast<std::remove_cv_t<U>*>(ptr));

Where weak_this is the hidden mutable std::weak_ptr member of
std::enable_shared_from_this. The assignment to the weak_this member is not atomic
and conflicts with any potentially concurrent access to the same object. This
ensures that future calls to shared_from_this() would share ownership with the
std::shared_ptr created by this raw pointer constructor.

The test ptr->weak_this.expired() in the exposition code above makes sure that
weak_this is not reassigned if it already indicates an owner. This test is required
as of C++17.

Feature-test macro Value Std Feature
__cpp_lib_shared_ptr_arrays 201707L (C++20) Array support of std::make_shared;
overloads (2-5)
Smart pointer creation with default
initialization
__cpp_lib_smart_ptr_for_overwrite 202002L (C++20) (std::allocate_shared_for_overwrite,
std::make_shared_for_overwrite,
std::make_unique_for_overwrite);
overloads (6,7)

Example¶

// Run this code

#include <iostream>
#include <memory>
#include <type_traits>
#include <vector>

struct C
{
// constructors needed (until C++20)
C(int i) : i(i) {}
C(int i, float f) : i(i), f(f) {}
int i;
float f{};
};

int main()
{
// using `auto` for the type of `sp1`
auto sp1 = std::make_shared<C>(1); // overload (1)
static_assert(std::is_same_v<decltype(sp1), std::shared_ptr<C>>);
std::cout << "sp1->{ i:" << sp1->i << ", f:" << sp1->f << " }\n";

// being explicit with the type of `sp2`
std::shared_ptr<C> sp2 = std::make_shared<C>(2, 3.0f); // overload (1)
static_assert(std::is_same_v<decltype(sp2), std::shared_ptr<C>>);
static_assert(std::is_same_v<decltype(sp1), decltype(sp2)>);
std::cout << "sp2->{ i:" << sp2->i << ", f:" << sp2->f << " }\n";

// shared_ptr to a value-initialized float[64]; overload (2):
std::shared_ptr<float[]> sp3 = std::make_shared<float[]>(64);

// shared_ptr to a value-initialized long[5][3][4]; overload (2):
std::shared_ptr<long[][3][4]> sp4 = std::make_shared<long[][3][4]>(5);

// shared_ptr to a value-initialized short[128]; overload (3):
std::shared_ptr<short[128]> sp5 = std::make_shared<short[128]>();

// shared_ptr to a value-initialized int[7][6][5]; overload (3):
std::shared_ptr<int[7][6][5]> sp6 = std::make_shared<int[7][6][5]>();

// shared_ptr to a double[256], where each element is 2.0; overload (4):
std::shared_ptr<double[]> sp7 = std::make_shared<double[]>(256, 2.0);

// shared_ptr to a double[7][2], where each double[2]
// element is {3.0, 4.0}; overload (4):
std::shared_ptr<double[][2]> sp8 = std::make_shared<double[][2]>(7, {3.0, 4.0});

// shared_ptr to a vector<int>[4], where each vector
// has contents {5, 6}; overload (4):
std::shared_ptr<std::vector<int>[]> sp9 =
std::make_shared<std::vector<int>[]>(4, {5, 6});

// shared_ptr to a float[512], where each element is 1.0; overload (5):
std::shared_ptr<float[512]> spA = std::make_shared<float[512]>(1.0);

// shared_ptr to a double[6][2], where each double[2] element
// is {1.0, 2.0}; overload (5):
std::shared_ptr<double[6][2]> spB = std::make_shared<double[6][2]>({1.0, 2.0});

// shared_ptr to a vector<int>[4], where each vector
// has contents {5, 6}; overload (5):
std::shared_ptr<std::vector<int>[4]> spC =
std::make_shared<std::vector<int>[4]>({5, 6});
}

Output:¶

sp1->{ i:1, f:0 }
sp2->{ i:2, f:3 }

See also¶

constructor constructs new shared_ptr
(public member function)
allocate_shared creates a shared pointer that manages a new object
allocate_shared_for_overwrite allocated using an allocator
(C++20) (function template)
enable_shared_from_this allows an object to create a shared_ptr referring to
(C++11) itself
(class template)
make_unique
make_unique_for_overwrite creates a unique pointer that manages a new object
(C++14) (function template)
(C++20)
operator new allocation functions
operator new[] (function)