Constructors¶

Extends "Constructors" in Mail::Reporter.

$obj->clone()

Return a copy of this body, usually to be included in a cloned message. Use Mail::Message::clone() for a whole message.

Mail::Message::Body->new(%options)

BE WARNED that, what you specify here are encodings and such which are already in place. The options will not trigger conversions. When you need conversions, first create a body with options which tell what you've got, and then call encode() for what you need.

 -Option           --Defined in     --Default
  based_on                            undef
  charset                             'PERL'
  checked                             <false>
  content_id                          undef
  data                                undef
  description                         undef
  disposition                         undef
  eol                                 'NATIVE'
  file                                undef
  filename                            undef
  log                Mail::Reporter   'WARNINGS'
  message                             undef
  mime_type                           'text/plain'
  modified                            <false>
  trace              Mail::Reporter   'WARNINGS'
  transfer_encoding                   'none'
    

 my $body = Mail::Message::Body::String->new(file => \*IN,
    mime_type => 'text/html; charset="ISO-8859-1"');
 my $body = Mail::Message::Body::Lines->new(data => ['first', $second],
    charset => 'ISO-10646', transfer_encoding => 'none');
 my $body = Mail::Message::Body::Lines->new(data => \@lines,
    transfer_encoding => 'base64');
 my $body = Mail::Message::Body::Lines->new(file => 'picture.gif',
    mime_type => 'image/gif', content_id => '<12345@example.com>',
    disposition => 'inline');

Constructing a body¶

$obj->attach($messages, %options)

Inherited, see "Constructing a body" in Mail::Message::Body::Construct

$obj->charsetDetect(%options)

Inherited, see "Constructing a body" in Mail::Message::Body::Encode

Mail::Message::Body->charsetDetectAlgorithm( [CODE|undef|METHOD] )

Inherited, see "Constructing a body" in Mail::Message::Body::Encode

$obj->check()

Inherited, see "Constructing a body" in Mail::Message::Body::Encode

$obj->concatenate($components)

Inherited, see "Constructing a body" in Mail::Message::Body::Construct

$obj->decoded(%options)

Returns a body, an object which is (a sub-)class of a Mail::Message::Body, which contains a simplified representation of textual data. The returned object may be the object where this is called on, but may also be a new body of any type.

 my $dec = $body->decoded;
    

is equivalent with

 my $dec = $body->encode
   ( mime_type         => 'text/plain'
   , transfer_encoding => 'none'
   , charset           => 'PERL'
   );
    

The $dec which is returned is a body. Ask with the mimeType() method what is produced. This $dec body is not related to a header.

 -Option     --Default
  result_type  <same as current>
    

$obj->encode(%options)

Inherited, see "Constructing a body" in Mail::Message::Body::Encode

$obj->encoded(%options)

Inherited, see "Constructing a body" in Mail::Message::Body::Encode

$obj->eol( ['CR'|'LF'|'CRLF'|'NATIVE'] )

Returns the character (or characters) which are used to separate lines within this body. When a kind of separator is specified, the body is translated to contain the specified line endings.

example:

 my $body = $msg->decoded->eol('NATIVE');
 my $char = $msg->decoded->eol;
    

$obj->foreachLine(CODE)

Inherited, see "Constructing a body" in Mail::Message::Body::Construct

$obj->stripSignature(%options)

Inherited, see "Constructing a body" in Mail::Message::Body::Construct

$obj->unify($body)

Inherited, see "Constructing a body" in Mail::Message::Body::Encode

The body¶

$obj->isDelayed()

Returns a true or false value, depending on whether the body of this message has been read from file. This can only false for a Mail::Message::Body::Delayed.

$obj->isMultipart()

Returns whether this message-body contains parts which are messages by themselves.

$obj->isNested()

Only true for a message body which contains exactly one sub-message: the "Mail::Message::Body::Nested" body type.

$obj->message( [$message] )

Returns the message (or message part) where this body belongs to, optionally setting it to a new $message first. If "undef" is passed, the body will be disconnected from the message.

$obj->partNumberOf($part)

Returns a string for multiparts and nested, otherwise an error. It is used in Mail::Message::partNumber().

About the payload¶

$obj->charset()

Returns the character set which is used in the text body as string. This is part of the result of what the "type" method returns.

$obj->checked( [BOOLEAN] )

Returns whether the body encoding has been checked or not (optionally after setting the flag to a new value).

$obj->contentId( [STRING|$field] )

Returns (optionally after setting) the id (unique reference) of a message part. The related header field is "Content-ID". A Mail::Message::Field object is returned (which stringifies into the field content). The field content will be "none" if no disposition was specified.

The argument can be a STRING (which is converted into a field), or a fully prepared header $field.

$obj->description( [STRING|$field] )

Returns (optionally after setting) the informal description of the body content. The related header field is "Content-Description". A Mail::Message::Field object is returned (which stringifies into the field content). The field content will be "none" if no disposition was specified.

The argument can be a STRING (which is converted into a field), or a fully prepared header field.

$obj->disposition( [STRING|$field] )

Returns (optionally after setting) how the message can be disposed (unpacked). The related header field is "Content-Disposition". A Mail::Message::Field object is returned (which stringifies into the field content). The field content will be "none" if no disposition was specified.

The argument can be a STRING (which is converted into a field), or a fully prepared header field.

$obj->dispositionFilename( [$directory] )

Inherited, see "About the payload" in Mail::Message::Body::Encode

$obj->isBinary()

Inherited, see "About the payload" in Mail::Message::Body::Encode

$obj->isText()

Inherited, see "About the payload" in Mail::Message::Body::Encode

$obj->mimeType()

Returns a MIME::Type object which is related to this body's type. This differs from the "type" method, which results in a Mail::Message::Field.

example:

 if($body->mimeType eq 'text/html') {...}
 print $body->mimeType->simplified;
    

$obj->nrLines()

Returns the number of lines in the message body. For multi-part messages, this includes the header lines and boundaries of all the parts.

$obj->size()

The total number of bytes in the message body. The size of the body is computed in the shape it is in. For example, if this is a base64 encoded message, the size of the encoded data is returned; you may want to call Mail::Message::decoded() first.

$obj->transferEncoding( [STRING|$field] )

Returns the transfer-encoding of the data within this body as Mail::Message::Field (which stringifies to its content). If it needs to be changed, call the encode() or Mail::Message::Body subroutine ecoded method. When no encoding is present, the field contains the text "none".

The optional STRING or $field enforces a new encoding to be set, without the actual required translations.

example:

 my $transfer = $msg->decoded->transferEncoding;
 $transfer->print;   # --> Content-Encoding: base64
 print $transfer;    # --> base64
 if($msg->body->transferEncoding eq 'none') {...}
    

$obj->type( [STRING|$field] )

Returns the type of information the body contains as Mail::Message::Field object. The type is taken from the header field "Content-Type". If the header did not contain that field, then you will get a default field containing "text/plain".

You usually can better use mimeType(), because that will return a clever object with type information.

example:

 my $msg     = $folder->message(6);
 $msg->get('Content-Type')->print;
    # --> Content-Type: text/plain; charset="us-ascii"
 my $content = $msg->decoded;
 my $type    = $content->type;
 print "This is a $type message\n";
    # --> This is a text/plain; charset="us-ascii" message
 print "This is a ", $type->body, "message\n";
    # --> This is a text/plain message
 print "Comment: ", $type->comment, "\n";
    # --> Comment: charset="us-ascii"
    

Access to the payload¶

$obj->endsOnNewline()

Returns whether the last line of the body is terminated by a new-line (in transport it will become a CRLF). An empty body will return true as well: the newline comes from the line before it.

$obj->file()

Return the content of the body as a file handle. The returned stream may be a real file, or a simulated file in any form that Perl supports. While you may not be able to write to the file handle, you can read from it.

WARNING: Even if the file handle supports writing, do not write to the file handle. If you do, some of the internal values of the Mail::Message::Body may not be updated.

$obj->lines()

Return the content of the body as a list of lines (in LIST context) or a reference to an array of lines (in SCALAR context). In scalar context the array of lines is cached to avoid needless copying and therefore provide much faster access for large messages.

To just get the number of lines in the body, use the nrLines() method, which is usually much more efficient.

BE WARNED: For some types of bodies the reference will refer to the original data. You must not change the referenced data! If you do, some of the essential internal variables of the Mail::Message::Body may not be updated.

example:

 my @lines    = $body->lines;     # copies lines
 my $line3    = ($body->lines)[3] # only one copy
 print $lines[0];
 my $linesref = $body->lines;     # reference to originals
 my $line3    = $body->lines->[3] # only one copy (faster)
 print $linesref->[0];
 print $body->[0];                # by overloading
    

$obj->print( [$fh] )

Print the body to the specified $fh (defaults to the selected handle). The handle may be a GLOB, an IO::File object, or... any object with a print() method will do. Nothing useful is returned.

$obj->printEscapedFrom($fh)

Print the body to the specified $fh but all lines which start with 'From ' (optionally already preceded by >'s) will habe an > added in front. Nothing useful is returned.

$obj->string()

Return the content of the body as a scalar (a single string). This is a copy of the internally kept information.

example:

 my $text = $body->string;
 print "Body: $body\n";     # by overloading
    

$obj->stripTrailingNewline()

Remove the newline from the last line, or the last line if it does not contain anything else than a newline.

$obj->write(%options)

Write the content of the body to a file. Be warned that you may want to decode the body before writing it!

 -Option  --Default
  filename  <required>
    

 use File::Temp;
 my $fn = tempfile;
 $message->decoded->write(filename => $fn)
    or die "Couldn't write to $fn: $!\n";

 use File::Temp;
 my $dir = tempdir; mkdir $dir or die;
 my $fn  = $message->body->dispositionFilename($dir);
 $message->decoded->write(filename => $fn)
    or die "Couldn't write to $fn: $!\n";

Internals¶

$obj->addTransferEncHandler( $name, <$class|$object> )

Mail::Message::Body->addTransferEncHandler( $name, <$class|$object> )

Inherited, see "Internals" in Mail::Message::Body::Encode

$obj->contentInfoFrom($head)

Transfer the body related info from the header into this body.

$obj->contentInfoTo($head)

Copy the content information (the "Content-*" fields) into the specified $head. The body was created from raw data without the required information, which must be added. See also contentInfoFrom().

$obj->fileLocation( [$begin, $end] )

The location of the body in the file. Returned a list containing begin and end. The begin is the offsets of the first byte if the folder used for this body. The end is the offset of the first byte of the next message.

$obj->getTransferEncHandler($type)

Inherited, see "Internals" in Mail::Message::Body::Encode

$obj->isModified()

Returns whether the body has changed.

$obj->load()

Be sure that the body is loaded. This returns the loaded body.

$obj->modified( [BOOLEAN] )

Change the body modification flag. This will force a re-write of the body to a folder file when it is closed. It is quite dangerous to change the body: the same body may be shared between messages within your program.

Especially be warned that you have to change the message-id when you change the body of the message: no two messages should have the same id.

Without value, the current setting is returned, although you can better use isModified().

$obj->moveLocation( [$distance] )

Move the registration of the message to a new location over $distance. This is called when the message is written to a new version of the same folder-file.

$obj->read( $parser, $head, $bodytype, [$chars, [$lines]] )

Read the body with the $parser from file. The implementation of this method will differ between types of bodies. The $bodytype argument is a class name or a code reference of a routine which can produce a class name, and is used in multipart bodies to determine the type of the body for each part.

The $chars argument is the estimated number of bytes in the body, or "undef" when this is not known. This data can sometimes be derived from the header (the "Content-Length" line) or file-size.

The second argument is the estimated number of $lines of the body. It is less useful than the $chars but may be of help determining whether the message separator is trustworthy. This value may be found in the "Lines" field of the header.

Error handling¶

Extends "Error handling" in Mail::Reporter.

$obj->AUTOLOAD()

When an unknown method is called on a message body object, this may not be problematic. For performance reasons, some methods are implemented in separate files, and only demand-loaded. If this delayed compilation of additional modules does not help, an error will be produced.

$obj->addReport($object)

Inherited, see "Error handling" in Mail::Reporter

$obj->defaultTrace( [$level]|[$loglevel, $tracelevel]|[$level, $callback] )

Mail::Message::Body->defaultTrace( [$level]|[$loglevel, $tracelevel]|[$level, $callback] )

Inherited, see "Error handling" in Mail::Reporter

$obj->errors()

Inherited, see "Error handling" in Mail::Reporter

$obj->log( [$level, [$strings]] )

Mail::Message::Body->log( [$level, [$strings]] )

Inherited, see "Error handling" in Mail::Reporter

$obj->logPriority($level)

Mail::Message::Body->logPriority($level)

Inherited, see "Error handling" in Mail::Reporter

$obj->logSettings()

Inherited, see "Error handling" in Mail::Reporter

$obj->notImplemented()

Inherited, see "Error handling" in Mail::Reporter

$obj->report( [$level] )

Inherited, see "Error handling" in Mail::Reporter

$obj->reportAll( [$level] )

Inherited, see "Error handling" in Mail::Reporter

$obj->trace( [$level] )

Inherited, see "Error handling" in Mail::Reporter

$obj->warnings()

Inherited, see "Error handling" in Mail::Reporter

Cleanup¶

Extends "Cleanup" in Mail::Reporter.

$obj->DESTROY()

Inherited, see "Cleanup" in Mail::Reporter

Access to the body¶

A body can be contained in a message, but may also live without a message. In both cases it stores data, and the same questions can be asked: what type of data it is, how many bytes and lines, what encoding is used. Any body can be encoded and decoded, returning a new body object. However, bodies which are part of a message will always be in a shape that they can be written to a file or send to somewhere: they will be encoded if needed.

. Example

 my $body    = Mail::Message::Body::String->new(mime_type => 'image/gif');
 $body->print(\*OUT);    # this is binary image data...
 my $encoded = $message->body($body);
 $encoded->print(\*OUT); # ascii data, encoded image

Now encoded refers to the body of the $message which is the content of $body in a shape that it can be transmitted. Usually "base64" encoding is used.

Body class implementation¶

The body of a message can be stored in many ways. Roughly, the implementations can be split in two groups: the data collectors and the complex bodies. The primer implement various ways to access data, and are full compatible: they only differ in performance and memory footprint under different circumstances. The latter are created to handle complex multiparts and lazy extraction.

Data collector bodies

• Mail::Message::Body::String

  The whole message body is stored in one scalar. Small messages can be contained this way without performance penalties.

• Mail::Message::Body::Lines

  Each line of the message body is stored as single scalar. This is a useful representation for a detailed look in the message body, which is usually line-organized.

• Mail::Message::Body::File

  The message body is stored in an external temporary file. This type of storage is especially useful when the body is large, the total folder is large, or memory is limited.

• Mail::Message::Body::InFolder

  NOT IMPLEMENTED YET. The message is kept in the folder, and is only taken out when the content is changed.

• Mail::Message::Body::External

  NOT IMPLEMENTED YET. The message is kept in a separate file, usually because the message body is large. The difference with the "::External" object is that this external storage stays this way between closing and opening of a folder. The "::External" object only uses a file when the folder is open.

Complex bodies

• Mail::Message::Body::Delayed

  The message-body is not yet read, but the exact location of the body is known so the message can be read when needed. This is part of the lazy extraction mechanism. Once extracted, the object can become any simple or complex body.

• Mail::Message::Body::Multipart

  The message body contains a set of sub-messages (which can contain multipart bodies themselves). Each sub-message is an instance of Mail::Message::Part, which is an extension of Mail::Message.

• Mail::Message::Body::Nested

  Nested messages, like "message/rfc822": they contain a message in the body. For most code, they simply behave like multiparts.

Character encoding PERL¶

A body object can be part of a message, or stand-alone. In case it is a part of a message, the "transport encoding" and the content must be in a shape that the data can be transported via SMTP.

However, when you want to process the body data in simple Perl (or when you construct the body data from normal Perl strings), you need to be aware of Perl's internal representation of strings. That can either be cp1252 (extended latin1) or utf8 (not real UTF-8, but something alike, see the perlunicode manual page) So, before you start using the data from an incoming message, do

    my $body  = $msg->decoded;
    my @lines = $body->lines;

Now, the body has character-set 'PERL' (when it is text)

When you create a new body which contains text content (the default), it will be created with character-set 'PERL' unless you specify a character-set explicitly.

   my $body = Mail::Box::Body::Lines->new(data => \@lines);
   # now mime=text/plain, charset=PERL
   my $msg  = Mail::Message->buildFromBody($body);
   $msg->body($body);
   $msg->attach($body);   # etc
   # these all will convert the charset=PERL into real utf-8,
   # cp1252 or us-ascii, which depends on the characters found.

Autodetection of character-set

This "Body" object represents data as part of an existing message, or to become part of a message. The body can be in two states:

1. ready to be processed textually, using Perl's string operations

2. raw bytes read or to be written

In the first case, the body content has no transfer encoding on it ("none"), and the character-set is "PERL". In the second version, the body may have transfer encoding and has an (IANA listed) charset on it (defaults to "us-ascii")

Using encode() (maybe via Mail::Message::Body subroutine decode), you can convert bodies from one state into a different one. In one go, you can change the transfer-encoding, the character-set, or whether it is in PERL string format or raw (in bytes).

[3.013] A serious problem is created when a conversion is needed, while the input or output character-set is not explicitly known. The email RFCs state that the default is "us-ascii". However, in the real world it can be anything. Therefore, in such situations autodetection kicks in.

1.

When a Body is read (using Mail::Message::read() and friends), the character-set may stay undefined until transfer-decoding has been applicied. At that moment, (configurable auto-detection) is applied;

2.

When a Body is created witin the program, without specific character-set, it will use 'PERL';

3.

When a Body is written, the requested character-set is not specified, and the current character-set is "PERL", then auto-dectection is used. This may result in "us-ascii", "cp1252" and "utf-8";

4.

In all other cases, the character-set is known so "easy".