Simple Use¶

A simple class made with "Class::MethodMaker" looks like this:

  package MyClass;
  use Class::MethodMaker
    [ scalar => [qw/ name /],
      new    => [qw/ new  /],
    ];

This creates a class, of which new instances may be created using "new", each with a single scalar component called "name". Name may be queried and (re)set using the methods "name", "name_reset" and "name_isset":

  package main;
  my $m = MyClass->new;
  my $n;
  $\ = "\n";
  print $m->name_isset ? "true" : "false";     # false
  $m->name("foo");
  $n = $m->name;
  print defined $n ? "->$n<-" : "*undef*";     # ->foo<-
  print $m->name_isset ? "true" : "false";     # true
  $m->name(undef);
  $n = $m->name;
  print defined $n ? "->$n<-" : "*undef*";     # *undef*
  print $m->name_isset ? "true" : "false";     # true
  $m->name_reset;
  $n = $m->name;
  print defined $n ? "->$n<-" : "*undef*";     # *undef*
  print $m->name_isset ? "true" : "false";     # false

The available component types are scalar, array, hash. Certain non-data-type utilities are also provided: new, for constructors, deep_copy and copy for object copies, and abstract for creating abstract methods.

Each of the components take common options. These include -static, for per-class rather than per-instance data, -type, to restrict the data stored to certain types (e.g., objects of a certain class), -forward to forward (proxy) given methods onto components, -default/-default_ctor to set default values for components, -tie_class to tie the storage of a data type to a given class, -read_cb/-store_cb to call user-defined functions on read/store (without the overhead/complexity of ties; and allowing callbacks on existing tie classes).

Detailed Use¶

"Class::MethodMaker" installs components into a class, by means of methods that interrogate and amend those components. A component, sometimes referred in other documentation as a slot is a group of one or more attributes (variables) that are associated with an instance of a class (sometimes called an object), or occasionally a class itself (often referred to as a static component). A component is intended as a cohesive unit of data that should only normally be interrogated or set through the methods provided.

Given an instance of a class where each instance represents a car, examples of components are the "make" and "model" (each of which would be a simple scalar, a string), the engine (a simple scalar, an instance of Engine::Combustion), and the wheels (an array of instances of Wheel). Note that the wheels form one component, an array. Of course, the implementor might instead choose to use four components, each being a scalar wheel.

To have the components created, the principle use of Class::MethodMaker is to specify the type (data-structure) and name of each component to the import method of Class::MethodMaker

  package MyClass;
  use Class::MethodMaker
    [ scalar => 'name',
      new    => [qw/ new /],
    ];

In this example, the import is called implicitly via the "use" statement. The components are installed in the package in effect where the import is called. The argument to import is arranged as pairs, where the first of each pair is the type of the data-structure, the second is the arguments for that data-structure; in the most simple case, the name of a component to install using that data-structure. The second of the pair should be an arrayref if not a simple name.

Data-structures may be repeated in the call:

  use Class::MethodMaker
    [ scalar => 'name1',
      new    => [qw/ new /],
      scalar => 'name2',
    ];

It is an error to attempt to install a two or more components with the same name twice.

Options may be given to data structures to amend the nature and behaviour of the components created. Some options are common across all data structure (e.g., "static") whilst some are specific to their respective data structures. Option syntax is laid out in detail below. In simple, options are provided by way of hashrefs from option name to option value. Options and component names are order-sensitive; options appearing after a component do not affect that component. Options only apply to the data-structure to which they are specified. Boolean options (e.g., static) may be abbreviated to -option to set, !option to unset, without a hashref.

  use Class::MethodMaker
    [ scalar => [+{ -type => 'File::stat' }, qw/ -static name /],
      new    => 'new',
    ];

There are also non-data-structure methods that may be created by Class::MethodMaker. "new" is an example of one such value; it instead causes a standard "new" method to be created for the calling class. The arguments and options syntax remains the same, but many options clearly do not apply (e.g., "type" for "new").

Interaction with Superclasses¶

Basically, "Class::MethodMaker" takes no notice of class hierarchies. If you choose to install a component x in a class B that is a subclass of class A that already has a component x, then the methods addressing x in B will simply override those in class A in the usual fashion. "Class::MethodMaker" takes no special action for this situation. This is a feature.

Option Syntax¶

The arguments to Class::MethodMaker are passed in a single arrayref, as pairs, with the first of each pair being the name of the data-structure, and the second being the arguments to that structure.

  use Class::MethodMaker
    [ scalar => 'name',
      new    => [qw/ new /],
    ];

The second of the pair may in the most simple case be a single scalar that is the name of a component to use.

  use Class::MethodMaker
    [ scalar => 'bob', ];

For anything more complex, the second argument must itself be an arrayreference. Simple names within this arrayreference are again taken as component names to use; in the following example, both "foo" and "bar" scalar components are created:

  use Class::MethodMaker
    [ scalar => [qw/ foo bar /], ];

Options to the data-structure, to change the behaviour of the component, or methods available, etc., are specified by the presence of a hash reference in line with the component names. Each key of the hashref is the name of an option; the corresponding value is the option value. Option names are easily recognized by a leading hyphen ("-") (or leading exclamation mark, "!"). The options affect only the components named after the option itself. In the following example, "foo" is non-static (the default), whilst bar is a static:

  use Class::MethodMaker
    [ scalar => ['foo', { -static => 1 }, 'bar'], ];

Naturally, options may be altered by later settings overriding earlier ones. The example below has exactly the same effect as the one above:

  use Class::MethodMaker
    [ scalar => [{ -static => 1 }, 'bar', { -static => 0 }, 'foo'], ];

Options that are boolean (on/off) valued, such as "-static", may be specified external to any hashref as "-optionname" to set them on and "!optionname" to set them off. The example below has exactly the same effect as the one above:

  use Class::MethodMaker
    [ scalar => [ qw/ -static bar !static foo /], ];

Options that take a value, e.g., "-type", must be specified within a hashref:

  use Class::MethodMaker
    [ scalar => [ +{ type => 'File::stat' }, 'bob' ], ];

Options affect is limited by the scope of the nearest enclosing arrayref. This particularly means that for multiple invocations of a data structure type, options on earlier invocations do not affect later ones. In the following example, "foo" is non-static (the default), whilst bar is a static:

  use Class::MethodMaker
    [ scalar => [ qw/ -static bar /],
      scalar => [ 'foo' ],
    ];

This is true even if later invocations do not use an arrayref. The example below has exactly the same effect as the one above:

  use Class::MethodMaker
    [ scalar => [ qw/ -static bar /],
      scalar => 'foo',
    ];

Arrayrefs may be employed within a set of arguments for a single data-structure to likewise limit scope. The example below has exactly the same effect as the one above:

  use Class::MethodMaker
    [ scalar => [ [ qw/ -static bar / ], 'foo' ],
    ];

Method Renaming¶

Methods may be renamed, by providing options that map from one generic name to another. These are identified by the presence of a '*' in the option name.

The example below installs component "a" as a scalar, but the method that would normally be installed as "a_get" is instead installed as "get_a", and likewise "set_a" is installed in place of "a_set".

  use Class::MethodMaker
    [ scalar => [ { '*_get' => 'get_*',
                    '*_set' => 'set_*', },
                  'a' ],
    ];

Default & Optional Methods¶

Class::MethodMaker installs a number of methods by default. Some methods, considered to be useful only to a subset of developers are installed only on request. Each method is marked in the text to state whether it is installed by default or only upon request.

To request that a non-default method is installed, one needs to rename it (even possibly to its normal name). So, to install the *_get method for a scalar attribute (as *_get), the syntax is:

  package MyClass;
  use Class::MethodMaker
    [ scalar => [{'*_get' => '*_get'}, 'a'] ];

The method may be installed using a non-default name using similar syntax:

  package MyClass;
  use Class::MethodMaker
    [ scalar => [{'*_get' => 'get_*'}, 'a'] ];

The client may choose to not install a default method by renaming it to undef:

  use Class::MethodMaker
    [ scalar => [{'*' => undef }, 'a'] ];

Note Class::MethodMaker will not install a method in place of an existing method, so if the intent is to not install a default method because the client has their own version, an alternative to the above is to define the client version before calling Class::MethodMaker.

Naming & Method-Design Conventions¶

The standard method names are designed with predictability and class extendibility in mind.

Naming

For any component x that Class::MethodMaker creates, the method names are always "x" or "x_*". This enables predictability, for you do not need to remember which methods are named "x_*" and which *_x, and also you can name methods that you create by avoiding prefixing them with "x", and so avoid any clash with Class::MethodMaker-generated methods (even if Class::MethodMaker is upgraded with shiny new extra methods). Class::MethodMaker users may rename methods (see "Method Renaming").

For any data-structure component (scalar, array, hash, etc.) x that Class::MethodMaker creates, the method "x" sets the value of that component: i.e., overriding any existing value, not amending or modifying. E.g., for array components, "x" does not push or pull values but all old values are removed, and new ones placed in their stead:

  package MyClass;
  use Class::MethodMaker
    [ array => 'a',
      new   => 'new',
    ];
  package main;
  my $m = MyClass->new;
  $m->a(4,5);
  print join(' ', $m->a), "\n"; # 4 5
  $m->a(6,7);
  print join(' ', $m->a), "\n"; # 6 7

The method returns the new value of the component:

  print join(' ', $m->a(8,9)), "\n"; # 8 9

Note that calling the method with an empty list does not reset the value to empty; this is so that normal lookups work on the method (i.e., if

  $m->a

emptied the component, then

  @a = $m->a

would always give an empty list: not that useful.

Set/Unset

Each data-structure component has the concept of being set/unset as a whole, independent of individual members being set. Each component starts life unset (unless a default or default option or tie class has been supplied), and is becomes set by any assignment. The component is then reset with the *_reset method. Thus it is possible to distinguish between a component that has been set to an explicitly empty value, and one that has not been set (or been reset). This distinction is analogous to the distinction in hashes between a missing key and a key whose value is undef.

  package MyClass;
  use Class::MethodMaker
    [ new    => 'new',
      scalar => 'x',
    ];
  package main;
  my $m = MyClass->new;
  $\ = "\n";
  print $m->x_isset ? "true" : "false";    # false; components start this way
  my $x = $m->x;
  print defined $n ? "->$n<-" : '*undef*'; # *undef*
  print $m->x_isset ? "true" : "false";    # false; reading doesn't set
  $m->x(undef);
  $x = $m->x;
  print $m->x_isset ? "true" : "false";    # true;
  print defined $n ? "->$n<-" : '*undef*'; # ->foo<-
  $m->x("foo");
  $x = $m->x;
  print $m->x_isset ? "true" : "false";    # true; undef is valid value
  print defined $n ? "->$n<-" : '*undef*'; # *undef*
  $m->x_reset;
  $x = $m->x;
  print defined $n ? "->$n<-" : '*undef*'; # *undef*
  print $m->x_isset ? "true" : "false";    # false

It is not an error to query the value of an unset component: the value is undef. Querying (any passive command, or pure function) an unset component does not cause it to become set; only assigning (any active command, or procedure) changes the set status of a component.

NOTE THAT lvalues are still experimental (as of perl 5.8.0), and so their implementation may change r disappear in the future. Note that lvalue use defeats type-checking. This may be considered a bug, and so may be fixed if possible at some point in the future.

Other Design Considerations

Further design goals for Class::MethodMaker version 2:

Consistency of Options

The options passed to components are now handled in a single place, to try to be phrased consistently. As many options as possible are common to all data-structures.

Flexibility

It is intended that all common class-construction options are supported across all data-types, so that e.g., defaults, ties, typing may be used with your data-structure of choice, and combined.

Speed

The methods are intended to be as fast as possible, within other constraints outlined here.

Options to "use"/"import"¶

"-target_class"

By default, the target class is determined to be the last (latest) class in the call stack that is not a Class::MethodMaker::Engine subtype. This is what is wanted 99% of the time, and typical users need not worry. However, the target class may be set explicitly in the call to "use"/"import":

  use Class::MethodMaker
    [ -target_class => 'X',
      scalar        => [qw/ a /],
      -target_class => 'Y',
      scalar        => [qw/ b /],
    ];
    

Note that the "-target_class" option is order sensitive: it affects only components requested after it in the call to "use"/"import". As shown, the same call may handle specify multiple target classes. Any components requested before the first "-target_class" are created in the default-determined class, as outlined above.

Setting the target class in this way does not persist over multiple calls to "use"/"import". A subsequent call to either will use the default-determined class as target (unless again overridden by "-target_class").

Standard Options for Data-Structure Components.¶

The following options are observed by all data structure components (scalar, array, hash).

-static

  package MyClass;
  use Class::MethodMaker
    [ scalar => [qw/ -static s /], ];
    

This option causes components to hold class-specific, rather than instance-specific values. Thus:

  package main;
  my $m = MyClass->new;
  my $n = MyClass->new;
  $m->a(4,5);
  print join(' ', $m->a), "\n"; # 4 5
  print join(' ', $n->a), "\n"; # 4 5
  $n->a(6,7);
  print join(' ', $n->a), "\n"; # 6 7
  print join(' ', $m->a), "\n"; # 6 7
    

-type

  use Class::MethodMaker
    [ scalar => [{ -type => 'File::stat' }, 'st' ]];
    

Takes the name of a class, and checks that all values assigned to the component are of the appropriate type (uses UNIVERSAL::isa, so subtypes are permissible).

-forward

This option takes as value an arrayref (or a simple scalar). The values specify a list of methods that when called on an instance of the target class, are "forwarded on" to the given component. For example,

  package X;
  use Class::MethodMaker
    [scalar => [{ -type => 'File::stat',
                  -forward => [qw/ mode size /], },
                'st1',
               ],
    ])},
    

any call of "mode" or "size" on an instance of "X" will simply call the method of the same name on the value stored in the component "st1", with the same arguments, and returns the value(s) of this call.

Forwarding only applies to the first named component (since the methodname is fixed, without the a componentname part). This is because the components are installed in the order in which they are created, and Class::MethodMaker never overwrites a pre-existing method. So, in the following example, "mode" and "size" forward to the "st1" component, and "read" forwards to the "st2" component.

  package MyClass;
  Class::MethodMaker->import([scalar =>
                                [{ -type    => 'File::stat',
                                   -forward => [qw/ mode
                                                    size /],
                                 },
                                 qw( st1 ),
                                 { -type    => 'IO::Handle',
                                   -forward => 'read', },
                                 qw( st2 ),
                                ]])},
    

Forwarding a method to a component of composite data type (e.g., array, hash) causes the method to be mapped over the values of that component. The returned value is appropriate to the component type; so a method forwarded to an array will return a list, like the array that is the component, but with each value being the instead result of applying the forwarded method to the corresponding value of the array.

The following code populates the @sizes array with the sizes of /etc/passwd, /etc/group, in that order.

  package main;
  my $m = MyClass->new;
  $m->st1("/etc/passwd", "/etc/group");
  my @sizes = $m->size;
    

Calling the forwarding method in a scalar context will get the same results, but as an arrayref:

  my $sizes = $m->size; # [ 921, 598 ] for example
    

Likewise, forwarding to a hash component will return a hash from original key to result of method on the corresponding component, or an equivalent hashref in scalar context.

-default

  use Class::MethodMaker
    [ scalar => [{ -default => 7 }, 'df1' ]];
    

Takes a simple value; must be either undef or an instance of the appropriate type if "-type" has also been specified. Whenever a component is new or reset, its value(s) default to the value given. Hence *_isset will always return true for that component. For compound data-structures, the default applies to the each element of the structure, not the compound itself. So, for array structures, the default applies to each element of the array, not the array itself.

It is an error to specify the "-default" option and the "-default_ctor" option simultaneously.

-default_ctor

  use Class::MethodMaker
    [scalar => [{ -default_ctor => sub {
                    Y->new(-3);
                  },
                'df2',
                { -type         => 'Y',
                  -default_ctor => 'new' },
                'df3',
               ]
    ];
    

Takes a coderef to call to generate the default value. This is called the first time a value is required, and afterwards whenever reset is called. The subr is called with one argument, which is the object upon which the component exists (or the name of the class upon which the component is created, if the call is made on the class).

If the "-type" option is in effect, then the value may be a simple value, which shall be considered the name of a method to call on the class specified by "-type".

It is an error to specify the "-default" option and the "-default_ctor" option simultaneously.

-tie_class

  # @z is an audit trail
  my @z;
  package W;
  use Tie::Scalar;
  use base qw( Tie::StdScalar );
  sub TIESCALAR { push @z, [ 'TIESCALAR'     ]; $_[0]->SUPER::TIESCALAR    }
  sub FETCH     { push @z, [ 'FETCH'         ]; $_[0]->SUPER::FETCH        }
  sub STORE     { push @z, [ STORE => $_[1]  ]; $_[0]->SUPER::STORE($_[1]) }
  sub DESTROY   { push @z, [ 'DESTROY'       ]; $_[0]->SUPER::DESTROY      }
  sub UNTIE     { push @z, [ UNTIE => $_[1]  ]; $_[0]->SUPER::UNTIE($_[1]) }
  package X;
  Class::MethodMaker->import([scalar =>
                                [{ -type      => 'File::stat',
                                   -tie_class => 'W',
                                   -forward   => [qw/ mode
                                                      size /],
                                 },
                                 qw( tie1 ),
                              new => 'new',
                             ]]);
    

This option takes a simple value as argument, which is taken be the name of a class that is to be tied to the storage for the component, e.g., for an array component, a class that implements the API for tied arrays is needed (see Tie::Array for more information on this). Likewise for scalar components, hash components, etc. Note that it is the component that is tied, not the data items.

  package main;
  my $x = X->new;
  # @z is empty
  my $stat1 = stat "/etc/passwd";
  my $stat2 = stat "/etc/group";
  $x->tie1($stat1);
  # @z is (['TIESCALAR'], ['STORE', $stat1])
  my $y = $x->tie1;
  # $y is $stat1
  # @z is (['TIESCALAR'], ['STORE', $stat1], ['FETCH'])
  $x->tie1($stat2);
  # @z is (['TIESCALAR'], ['STORE', $stat1], ['FETCH'], ['STORE', $stat2])
  $x->tie1_reset;
  # @z is (['TIESCALAR'], ['STORE', $stat1], ['FETCH'], ['STORE', $stat2],\
  #        ['DESTROY'])
    

-tie_args

  package X;
  Class::MethodMaker->import
    ([scalar => [{ -tie_class => 'V',
                   -tie_args  => [enum    => [qw/A B C/],
                                  default => 'B'],
                 },
                 qw( tie2 ),
                ]]);
    

This option takes an array reference, whose members are passed as arguments to any tie invoked on the component (by virtue "-tie_class"). If "-tie_class" is not in force, this is ignored.

As a convenience measure, a single argument may be passed directly, rather than embedding in an array ref --- unless that arg is an array ref itself...

-read_cb

The implementation of this option is incomplete

  package MyClass;
  use Class::MethodMaker
    [ scalar => [{ -read_cb => sub { ($_[1]||0) + 1 } }, 'rcb1' ]
      new    => 'new';
    ];
    

This option takes as argument a coderef, which is called whenever a value is read. It is called with two arguments: the instance upon which the method was called, and the value stored in the component. The return value of the given coderef is the value which is passed to the caller of the method as the component value. Thus, the above example adds one to whatever the stored value is. Note that the value is returned to the callee, but not stored in the object

  package main;
  my $m = MyClass->new;
  $m->rcb1(4);
  my $n = $x->rcb1; # 5
  my $n = $x->rcb1; # 5
    

-store_cb

The implementation of this option is incomplete

  package MyClass;
  use Class::MethodMaker
    [ scalar => [{ -store_cb => sub { $_[1] + 1 } }, 'scb1' ]
      new    => 'new';
    ];
    

This option takes as argument a coderef, which is called whenever a value is stored. It is called with four arguments: the instance upon which the method was called, the value to store in the component, the name of the component, and the previous value of the component (if any; if the given element of the component was previously unset, only three arguments are passed).

The return value of the given coderef is the value which is actually stored in the component. Thus, the above example stores 1 greater than the value passed in.

  package main;
  my $m = MyClass->new;
  $m->scb1(4);
  my $n = $x->scb1; # 5
    

Generally, store callbacks are cheaper than read callbacks, because values are read more often than they are stored. But that is a generalization. YMMV.