NAME¶

slapo-ppolicy - Password Policy overlay to slapd

SYNOPSIS¶

/etc/openldap/slapd.conf

DESCRIPTION¶

The ppolicy overlay is an implementation of the most recent IETF Password Policy proposal for LDAP. When instantiated, it intercepts, decodes and applies specific password policy controls to overall use of a backend database, changes to user password fields, etc.

The overlay provides a variety of password control mechanisms. They include password aging -- both minimum and maximum ages, password reuse and duplication control, account time-outs, mandatory password resets, acceptable password content, and even grace logins. Different groups of users may be associated with different password policies, and there is no limit to the number of password policies that may be created.

Note that some of the policies do not take effect when the operation is performed with the rootdn identity; all the operations, when performed with any other identity, may be subjected to constraints, like access control. This overlay requires a rootdn to be configured on the database.

During password update, an identity with manage access to the userPassword attribute is considered a password administrator where relevant to the IETF Password Policy proposal.

Note that the IETF Password Policy proposal for LDAP makes sense when considering a single-valued password attribute, while the userPassword attribute allows multiple values. This implementation enforces a single value for the userPassword attribute, despite its specification.

In addition to supporting the IETF Password Policy, this module supports the SunDS Account Usability control (1.3.6.1.4.1.42.2.27.9.5.8) on search requests and can send the Netscape Password validity controls when configured to do so.

CONFIGURATION¶

These slapd.conf configuration options apply to the ppolicy overlay. They should appear after the overlay directive.

ppolicy_default <policyDN>

Specify the DN of the pwdPolicy object to use when no specific policy is set on a given user's entry. If there is no specific policy for an entry and no default is given, then no policies will be enforced.

ppolicy_forward_updates

Specify that policy state changes that result from Bind operations (such as recording failures, lockout, etc.) on a consumer should be forwarded to a provider instead of being written directly into the consumer's local database. This setting is only useful on a replication consumer, and also requires the updateref setting and chain overlay to be appropriately configured.

ppolicy_hash_cleartext

Specify that cleartext passwords present in Add and Modify requests should be hashed before being stored in the database. This violates the X.500/LDAP information model, but may be needed to compensate for LDAP clients that don't use the Password Modify extended operation to manage passwords. It is recommended that when this option is used that compare, search, and read access be denied to all directory users.

ppolicy_use_lockout

A client will always receive an LDAP InvalidCredentials response when Binding to a locked account. By default, when a Password Policy control was provided on the Bind request, a Password Policy response will be included with no special error code set. This option changes the Password Policy response to include the AccountLocked error code. Note that sending the AccountLocked error code provides useful information to an attacker; sites that are sensitive to security issues should not enable this option.

ppolicy_send_netscape_controls

If set, ppolicy will send the password policy expired (2.16.840.1.113730.3.4.4) and password policy expiring (2.16.840.1.113730.3.4.5) controls when appropriate. The controls are not sent for bind requests where the Password policy control has already been requested. Default is not to send the controls.

ppolicy_check_module <path>

Specify the path of a loadable module containing a check_password() function for additional password quality checks. The use of this module is described further below in the description of the pwdPolicyChecker objectclass.

Note: The user-defined loadable module must be in slapd's standard executable search PATH, or an absolute path must be provided.

Note: Use of a ppolicy_check_module is a non-standard extension to the LDAP password policy proposal.

OBJECT CLASS¶

The ppolicy overlay depends on the pwdPolicy object class. The definition of that class is as follows:

The pwdPolicy class is not structural, and so entries using it require another, structural, object class. The namedPolicy object class is a good choice. namedPolicy requires a cn attribute, suitable as the policy entry's rDN.

This implementation also provides an additional pwdPolicyChecker objectclass, used for password quality checking (see below).

Every account that should be subject to password policy control should have a pwdPolicySubentry attribute containing the DN of a valid pwdPolicy entry, or they can simply use the configured default. In this way different users may be managed according to different policies.

OBJECT CLASS ATTRIBUTES¶

Each one of the sections below details the meaning and use of a particular attribute of this pwdPolicy object class.

pwdAttribute

This attribute contains the name of the attribute to which the password policy is applied. For example, the password policy may be applied to the userPassword attribute.

Note: in this implementation, the only value accepted for pwdAttribute is userPassword .

pwdMinAge

This attribute contains the number of seconds that must elapse between modifications allowed to the password. If this attribute is not present, zero seconds is assumed (i.e. the password may be modified whenever and however often is desired).

pwdMaxAge

This attribute contains the number of seconds after which a modified password will expire. If this attribute is not present, or if its value is zero (0), then passwords will not expire.

pwdInHistory

This attribute is used to specify the maximum number of used passwords that will be stored in the pwdHistory attribute. If the pwdInHistory attribute is not present, or if its value is zero (0), used passwords will not be stored in pwdHistory and thus any previously-used password may be reused. No history checking occurs if the password is being modified by the rootdn, although the password is saved in the history.

pwdCheckQuality

This attribute indicates if and how password syntax will be checked while a password is being modified or added. If this attribute is not present, or its value is zero (0), no syntax checking will be done. If its value is one (1), the server will check the syntax, and if the server is unable to check the syntax, whether due to a client-side hashed password or some other reason, it will be accepted. If its value is two (2), the server will check the syntax, and if the server is unable to check the syntax it will return an error refusing the password.

pwdMinLength

When syntax checking is enabled (see also the pwdCheckQuality attribute), this attribute contains the minimum length in bytes that will be accepted in a password. If this attribute is not present, minimum password length is not enforced. If the server is unable to check the length of the password, whether due to a client-side hashed password or some other reason, the server will, depending on the value of pwdCheckQuality, either accept the password without checking it (if pwdCheckQuality is zero (0) or one (1)) or refuse it (if pwdCheckQuality is two (2)). If the number of characters should be enforced with regards to a particular encoding, the use of an appropriate ppolicy_check_module is required.

pwdMaxLength

When syntax checking is enabled (see also the pwdCheckQuality attribute), this attribute contains the maximum length in bytes that will be accepted in a password. If this attribute is not present, maximum password length is not enforced. If the server is unable to check the length of the password, whether due to a client-side hashed password or some other reason, the server will, depending on the value of pwdCheckQuality, either accept the password without checking it (if pwdCheckQuality is zero (0) or one (1)) or refuse it (if pwdCheckQuality is two (2)). If the number of characters should be enforced with regards to a particular encoding, the use of an appropriate ppolicy_check_module is required.

pwdExpireWarning

This attribute contains the maximum number of seconds before a password is due to expire that expiration warning messages will be returned to a user who is authenticating to the directory. If this attribute is not present, or if the value is zero (0), no warnings will be sent.

pwdGraceAuthnLimit

This attribute contains the number of times that an expired password may be used to authenticate a user to the directory. If this attribute is not present or if its value is zero (0), users with expired passwords will not be allowed to authenticate to the directory.

pwdGraceExpiry

This attribute specifies the number of seconds the grace authentications are valid. If this attribute is not present or if the value is zero (0), there is no time limit on the grace authentications.

pwdLockout

This attribute specifies the action that should be taken by the directory when a user has made a number of failed attempts to authenticate to the directory. If pwdLockout is set (its value is "TRUE"), the user will not be allowed to attempt to authenticate to the directory after there have been a specified number of consecutive failed bind attempts. The maximum number of consecutive failed bind attempts allowed is specified by the pwdMaxFailure attribute. If pwdLockout is not present, or if its value is "FALSE", the password may be used to authenticate no matter how many consecutive failed bind attempts have been made.

pwdLockoutDuration

This attribute contains the number of seconds during which the password cannot be used to authenticate the user to the directory due to too many consecutive failed bind attempts. (See also pwdLockout and pwdMaxFailure.) If pwdLockoutDuration is not present, or if its value is zero (0), the password cannot be used to authenticate the user to the directory again until it is reset by an administrator.

pwdMaxFailure

This attribute contains the number of consecutive failed bind attempts after which the password may not be used to authenticate a user to the directory. If pwdMaxFailure is not present, or its value is zero (0), then a user will be allowed to continue to attempt to authenticate to the directory, no matter how many consecutive failed bind attempts have occurred with that user's DN. (See also pwdLockout and pwdLockoutDuration.)

pwdMaxRecordedFailure

This attribute contains the maximum number of failed bind attempts to store in a user's entry. If pwdMaxRecordedFailure is not present, or its value is zero (0), then it defaults to the value of pwdMaxFailure. If that value is also 0, the default is 5.

pwdFailureCountInterval

This attribute contains the number of seconds after which old consecutive failed bind attempts are purged from the failure counter, even though no successful authentication has occurred. If pwdFailureCountInterval is not present, or its value is zero (0), the failure counter will only be reset by a successful authentication.

pwdMustChange

This attribute specifies whether users must change their passwords when they first bind to the directory after a password is set or reset by the administrator, or not. If pwdMustChange has a value of "TRUE", users must change their passwords when they first bind to the directory after a password is set or reset by the administrator. If pwdMustChange is not present, or its value is "FALSE", users are not required to change their password upon binding after the administrator sets or resets the password.

pwdAllowUserChange

This attribute specifies whether users are allowed to change their own passwords or not. If pwdAllowUserChange is set to "TRUE", or if the attribute is not present, users will be allowed to change their own passwords. If its value is "FALSE", users will not be allowed to change their own passwords.

Note: this implies that when pwdAllowUserChange is set to "TRUE", users will still be able to change the password of another user, subjected to access control. This restriction only applies to modifications of ones's own password. It should also be noted that pwdAllowUserChange was defined in the specification to provide rough access control to the password attribute in implementations that do not allow fine-grain access control. Since OpenLDAP provides fine-grain access control, the use of this attribute is discouraged; ACLs should be used instead (see slapd.access(5) for details).

pwdSafeModify

This attribute denotes whether the user's existing password must be sent along with their new password when changing a password. If pwdSafeModify is set to "TRUE", the existing password must be sent along with the new password. If the attribute is not present, or its value is "FALSE", the existing password need not be sent along with the new password.

pwdMinDelay

This attribute specifies the number of seconds to delay responding to the first failed authentication attempt. If this attribute is not set or is zero (0), no delays will be used. pwdMaxDelay must also be specified if pwdMinDelay is set.

Note that this implementation uses a variable lockout instead of delaying the bind response.

pwdMaxDelay

This attribute specifies the maximum number of seconds to delay when responding to a failed authentication attempt. The time specified in pwdMinDelay is used as the starting time and is then doubled on each failure until the delay time is greater than or equal to pwdMaxDelay (or a successful authentication occurs, which resets the failure counter). pwdMinDelay must also be specified if pwdMaxDelay is set.

Note that this implementation uses a variable lockout instead of delaying the bind response.

pwdMaxIdle

This attribute specifies the number of seconds an account may remain unused before it becomes locked. If this attribute is not set or is zero (0), no check is performed. For this to be enforced, lastbind functionality needs to be enabled on the database, that is olcLastBind is set to TRUE.

pwdUseCheckModule/pwdCheckModuleArg

The pwdUseCheckModule attribute enables use of a loadable module previously configured with ppolicy_check_module for the current policy. The module must instantiate the check_password() function. This function will be called to further check a new password if pwdCheckQuality is set to one (1) or two (2), after all of the built-in password compliance checks have been passed. This function will be called according to this function prototype:

The pEntry parameter is optional, if non-NULL, carries a pointer to the entry whose password is being checked.

The optional pArg parameter points to a struct berval containing the value of pwdCheckModuleArg in the effective password policy, if set, otherwise NULL.

If pErrmsg is NULL, then funcName must NOT attempt to use it. A return value of LDAP_SUCCESS from the called function indicates that the password is ok, any other value indicates that the password is unacceptable. If the password is unacceptable, the server will return an error to the client, and pErrmsg may be used to return a human-readable textual explanation of the error. If the space passed in by the caller is too small, the function may replace it with a dynamically allocated buffer, which will be free()'d by slapd.

The pwdCheckModule attribute is now obsolete and is ignored.

OPERATIONAL ATTRIBUTES¶

The operational attributes used by the ppolicy module are stored in the user's entry. Most of these attributes are not intended to be changed directly by users; they are there to track user activity. They have been detailed here so that administrators and users can both understand the workings of the ppolicy module.

Note that the current IETF Password Policy proposal does not define how these operational attributes are expected to behave in a replication environment. In general, authentication attempts on a replica server only affect the copy of the operational attributes on that replica and will not affect any attributes for a user's entry on the provider. Operational attribute changes resulting from authentication attempts on a provider will usually replicate to the replicas (and also overwrite any changes that originated on the replica). These behaviors are not guaranteed and are subject to change when a formal specification emerges.

userPassword

The userPassword attribute is not strictly part of the ppolicy module. It is, however, the attribute that is tracked and controlled by the module. Please refer to the standard OpenLDAP schema for its definition.

pwdPolicySubentry

This attribute refers directly to the pwdPolicy subentry that is to be used for this particular directory user. If pwdPolicySubentry exists, it must contain the DN of a valid pwdPolicy object. If it does not exist, the ppolicy module will enforce the default password policy rules on the user associated with this authenticating DN. If there is no default, or the referenced subentry does not exist, then no policy rules will be enforced.

pwdChangedTime

This attribute denotes the last time that the entry's password was changed. This value is used by the password expiration policy to determine whether the password is too old to be allowed to be used for user authentication. If pwdChangedTime does not exist, the user's password will not expire.

pwdAccountLockedTime

This attribute contains the time that the user's account was locked. If the account has been locked, the password may no longer be used to authenticate the user to the directory. If pwdAccountLockedTime is set to 000001010000Z, the user's account has been permanently locked and may only be unlocked by an administrator. Note that account locking only takes effect when the pwdLockout password policy attribute is set to "TRUE".

pwdFailureTime

This attribute contains the timestamps of each of the consecutive authentication failures made upon attempted authentication to this DN (i.e. account). If too many timestamps accumulate here (refer to the pwdMaxFailure password policy attribute for details), and the pwdLockout password policy attribute is set to "TRUE", the account may be locked. (Please also refer to the pwdLockout password policy attribute.) Excess timestamps beyond those allowed by pwdMaxFailure or pwdMaxRecordedFailure may also be purged. If a successful authentication is made to this DN (i.e. to this user account), then pwdFailureTime will be cleansed of entries.

pwdHistory

This attribute contains the history of previously used passwords for this DN (i.e. for this user account). The values of this attribute are stored in string format as follows:

This format allows the server to store and transmit a history of passwords that have been used. In order for equality matching on the values in this attribute to function properly, the time field is in GMT format.

pwdGraceUseTime

This attribute contains the list of timestamps of logins made after the user password in the DN has expired. These post-expiration logins are known as "grace logins". If too many grace logins have been used (please refer to the pwdGraceAuthnLimit password policy attribute), then the DN will no longer be allowed to be used to authenticate the user to the directory until the administrator changes the DN's userPassword attribute.

pwdReset

This attribute indicates whether the user's password has been reset by the administrator and thus must be changed upon first use of this DN for authentication to the directory. If pwdReset is set to "TRUE", then the password was reset and the user must change it upon first authentication. If the attribute does not exist, or is set to "FALSE", the user need not change their password due to administrative reset.

pwdStartTime

This attribute specifies the time the entry's password becomes valid for authentication. Authentication attempts made before this time will fail. If this attribute does not exist, then no restriction applies.

pwdEndTime

This attribute specifies the time the entry's password becomes invalid for authentication. Authentication attempts made after this time will fail, regardless of expiration or grace settings. If this attribute does not exist, then this restriction does not apply.

Note that pwdStartTime may be set to a time greater than or equal to pwdEndTime; this simply disables the account.

pwdAccountTmpLockoutEnd

This attribute that the user's password has been locked out temporarily according to the pwdMinDelay policy option and when the lockout ends.

SUNDS ACCOUNT USABILITY CONTROL¶

If the SunDS Account Usability control is used with a search request, the overlay will attach validity information to each entry provided all of the following are met:

•

There is a password policy that applies to the entry

•

The user has compare access to the entry's password attribute.

•

The configured password attribute is present in the entry

EXAMPLES¶

database mdb
suffix dc=example,dc=com
...
overlay ppolicy
ppolicy_default "cn=Standard,ou=Policies,dc=example,dc=com"

SEE ALSO¶

ldap(3), slapd.conf(5), slapd-config(5), slapo-chain(5).

"OpenLDAP Administrator's Guide" (http://www.OpenLDAP.org/doc/admin/)

IETF LDAP password policy proposal by P. Behera, L. Poitou and J. Sermersheim: documented in IETF document "draft-behera-ldap-password-policy-10.txt".

BUGS¶

The LDAP Password Policy specification is not yet an approved standard, and it is still evolving. This code will continue to be in flux until the specification is finalized.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS¶

This module was written in 2004 by Howard Chu of Symas Corporation with significant input from Neil Dunbar and Kartik Subbarao of Hewlett-Packard.

This manual page borrows heavily and shamelessly from the specification upon which the password policy module it describes is based. This source is the IETF LDAP password policy proposal by P. Behera, L. Poitou and J. Sermersheim. The proposal is fully documented in the IETF document named draft-behera-ldap-password-policy-10.txt, written in August of 2009.

OpenLDAP Software is developed and maintained by The OpenLDAP Project <http://www.openldap.org/>. OpenLDAP Software is derived from the University of Michigan LDAP 3.3 Release.