table of contents
| PICK(1) | General Commands Manual | PICK(1) |
NAME¶
pick - search nmh messages
SYNOPSIS¶
pick [-help] [-version] [+folder] [msgs] [-reverse ...] [-and ...] [-or ...] [-not ...] [-lbrace ... -rbrace] [--component pattern] [-cc pattern] [-date pattern] [-from pattern] [-search pattern] [-subject pattern] [-to pattern] [-after date] [-before date] [-datefield field] [-sequence name ...] [-nosequence] [-public | -nopublic] [-zero | -nozero] [-list | -nolist] [-debug]
typical usage:
scan `pick -from jones` pick -to holloway -sequence select show `pick -before friday`
DESCRIPTION¶
pick searches within a folder for messages with the specified contents, and then identifies those messages. Two types of search primitives are available: pattern matching and date constraint operations.
A modified grep(1) is used to perform the matching, so the full regular expression (see ed(1)) facility is available within pattern. With -search, pattern is used directly, and with the others, the grep pattern constructed is:
This means that the pattern specified for a -search will be found everywhere in the message, including the header and the body, while the other pattern matching requests are limited to the single specified component. The expression
is a shorthand for specifying
It is used to pick a component which is not one of “To:”, “cc:”, “Date:”, “From:”, or “Subject:”. An example is “pick --reply-to pooh”.
Pattern matching is performed on a per-line basis. Within the header of the message, each component is treated as one long line, but in the body, each line is separate. Lower-case letters in the search pattern will match either lower or upper case in the message, while upper case will match only upper case.
Note that since the -date switch is a pattern matching operation (as described above), to find messages sent on a certain date the pattern string must match the text of the “Date:” field of the message.
Independent of any pattern matching operations requested, the switches -after date or -before date may also be used to introduce date/time constraints on all of the messages. By default, the “Date:” field is consulted, but if another date-yielding field (such as “BB-Posted:” or “Delivery-Date:”) should be used, the -datefield field switch may be used.
With -before and -after, pick will actually parse the date fields in each of the messages specified in `msgs' and compare them to the date/time specified. If -after is given, then only those messages whose “Date:” field value is chronologically after the date specified will be considered. The -before switch specifies the complementary action.
Both the -after and -before switches take legal RFC 822-style date specifications as arguments. pick will default certain missing fields so that the entire date need not be specified. These fields are (in order of defaulting): timezone, time and timezone, date, date and timezone. All defaults are taken from the current date, time, and timezone.
In addition to RFC 822-style dates, pick will also recognize any of the days of the week (“sunday”, “monday”, and so on), and the special dates “today”, “yesterday” (24 hours ago), and “tomorrow” (24 hours from now). All days of the week are judged to refer to a day in the past (e.g., telling pick “saturday” on a “tuesday” means “last saturday” not “this saturday”).
Finally, in addition to these special specifications, pick will also honor a specification of the form “-dd”, which means “dd days ago”.
Use the -reverse switch to make pick find matching messages in reverse order, working from the highest message number down to the lowest. This can be useful in searching for recent messages in large folders, for example,
pick -reverse -from frated | xargs -n1 scan
pick supports complex boolean operations on the searching primitives with the -and, -or, -not, and -lbrace ... -rbrace switches. For example,
pick -after yesterday -and
-lbrace -from freida -or -from fear -rbrace
identifies messages recently sent by “frieda” or “fear”.
The matching primitives take precedence over the -not switch, which in turn takes precedence over -and which in turn takes precedence over -or. To override the default precedence, the -lbrace and -rbrace switches are provided, which act just like opening and closing parentheses in logical expressions.
If no search criteria are given, all the messages specified on the command line are selected (this defaults to “all”).
Once the search has been performed, if the -list switch is given, the message numbers of the selected messages are written to the standard output separated by newlines. This is extremely useful for quickly generating arguments for other nmh programs by using the “backquoting” syntax of the shell. For example, the command
says to scan those messages in the indicated folder which meet the appropriate criterion. Note that since pick's context changes are written out prior to scan's invocation, you need not give the folder argument to scan as well.
The -sequence name switch may be given once for each sequence the user wishes to define. For each sequence named, that sequence will be defined to mean exactly those messages selected by pick. For example,
defines a new message sequence for the current folder called “fred” which contains exactly those messages that were selected.
The -nosequence switch will disable all previously named sequences, allowing those established by a profile component to be overridden.
By default, pick will zero a sequence before adding it. This action can be disabled with the -nozero switch, which means that the messages selected by pick will be added to the sequence, if it already exists, and any messages already a part of that sequence will remain so.
The -public and -nopublic switches are used by pick in the same way mark uses them.
The -debug switch causes pick to output a representation of the search pattern.
Output when no messages are matched¶
If pick is used in a backquoted operation, such as
and pick selects no messages (e.g., no messages are from “jones”), then the shell will still run the outer command (e.g., scan). Since no messages were matched, pick produced no output, and the argument given to the outer command as a result of backquoting pick is empty. In the case of nmh programs, the outer command now acts as if the default `msg' or `msgs' should be used (e.g., “all” in the case of scan). To prevent this unexpected behavior, if -list was given, and if its standard output is not a tty, then pick outputs the illegal message number “0” when it fails. This lets the outer command fail gracefully as well.
FILES¶
^$HOME/.mh_profile~^The user profile
PROFILE COMPONENTS¶
^Path:~^To determine the user's nmh directory ^Current-Folder:~^To find the default current folder
SEE ALSO¶
DEFAULTS¶
`+folder' defaults to the current folder `msgs' defaults to all `-datefield date' `-zero' `-list' is the default if no `-sequence', `-nolist' otherwise
CONTEXT¶
If a folder is given, it will become the current folder.
HISTORY¶
In previous versions of MH, the pick command would show, scan, or refile the selected messages. This was rather “inverted logic” from the Unix point of view, so pick was changed to define sequences and output those sequences. Hence, pick can be used to generate the arguments for all other MH commands, instead of giving pick endless switches for invoking those commands itself.
Also, previous versions of pick balked if you didn't specify a search string or a date/time constraint. The current version does not, and merely matches the messages you specify. This lets you type something like:
instead of typing
mark -add -nozero -seq fear last:20 show fear
Finally, timezones used to be ignored when comparing dates: they aren't any more.
HELPFUL HINTS¶
Use “pick sequence -list” to enumerate the messages in a sequence (such as for use by a shell script).
BUGS¶
Any occurrence of -datefield must occur prior to the -after or -before switch it applies to.
The pattern syntax “[l-r]” is not supported; each letter to be matched must be included within the square brackets.
| 2016-03-12 | nmh-1.8 |