NAME¶

std::tolower - std::tolower

Synopsis¶

Defined in header <cctype>
int tolower( int ch );

Converts the given character to lowercase according to the character conversion
rules defined by the currently installed C locale.

In the default "C" locale, the following uppercase letters
ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ are replaced with respective lowercase letters
abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz.

Parameters¶

ch - character to be converted. If the value of ch is not representable as unsigned
char and does not equal EOF, the behavior is undefined

Return value¶

Lowercase version of ch or unmodified ch if no lowercase version is listed in the
current C locale.

Notes¶

Like all other functions from <cctype>, the behavior of std::tolower is undefined if
the argument's value is neither representable as unsigned char nor equal to EOF. To
use these functions safely with plain chars (or signed chars), the argument should
first be converted to unsigned char:

char my_tolower(char ch)
{
return static_cast<char>(std::tolower(static_cast<unsigned char>(ch)));
}

Similarly, they should not be directly used with standard algorithms when the
iterator's value type is char or signed char. Instead, convert the value to unsigned
char first:

std::string str_tolower(std::string s) {
std::transform(s.begin(), s.end(), s.begin(),
// static_cast<int(*)(int)>(std::tolower) // wrong
// [](int c){ return std::tolower(c); } // wrong
// [](char c){ return std::tolower(c); } // wrong
[](unsigned char c){ return std::tolower(c); } // correct
);
return s;
}

Example¶

// Run this code

#include <iostream>
#include <cctype>
#include <clocale>

int main()
{
unsigned char c = '\xb4'; // the character Ž in ISO-8859-15
// but ´ (acute accent) in ISO-8859-1

std::setlocale(LC_ALL, "en_US.iso88591");
std::cout << std::hex << std::showbase;
std::cout << "in iso8859-1, tolower('0xb4') gives "
<< std::tolower(c) << '\n';
std::setlocale(LC_ALL, "en_US.iso885915");
std::cout << "in iso8859-15, tolower('0xb4') gives "
<< std::tolower(c) << '\n';
}

Output:¶

in iso8859-1, tolower('0xb4') gives 0xb4
in iso8859-15, tolower('0xb4') gives 0xb8

See also¶

toupper converts a character to uppercase
(function)
converts a character to lowercase using the ctype facet of a
tolower(std::locale) locale
(function template)
towlower converts a wide character to lowercase
(function)