NAME¶

std::student_t_distribution - std::student_t_distribution

Synopsis¶

Defined in header <random>
template< class RealType = double > (since C++11)
class student_t_distribution;

Produces random floating-point values x, distributed according to probability
density function:

\(p(x|n) = \frac{1}{\sqrt{n\pi} } \cdot
\frac{\Gamma(\frac{n+1}{2})}{\Gamma(\frac{n}{2})} \cdot
(1+\frac{x^2}{n})^{-\frac{n+1}{2} } \)p(x|n) =

1
√
nπ

·

Γ(

n+1
2

)
Γ(

n
2

)

· ⎛
⎜
⎝1+

x2
n

⎞
⎟
⎠ -

n+1
2

where n is known as the number of degrees of freedom. This distribution is used when
estimating the mean of an unknown normally distributed value given n + 1 independent
measurements, each with additive errors of unknown standard deviation, as in
physical measurements. Or, alternatively, when estimating the unknown mean of a
normal distribution with unknown standard deviation, given n + 1 samples.

std::student_t_distribution satisfies all requirements of RandomNumberDistribution.

Template parameters¶

RealType - The result type generated by the generator. The effect is undefined if
this is not one of float, double, or long double.

Member types¶

Member type Definition
result_type (C++11) RealType
param_type (C++11) the type of the parameter set, see RandomNumberDistribution.

Member functions¶

constructor constructs new distribution
(C++11) (public member function)
reset resets the internal state of the distribution
(C++11) (public member function)

Generation¶

operator() generates the next random number in the distribution
(C++11) (public member function)

Characteristics¶

n returns the n distribution parameter (degrees of freedom)
(public member function)
param gets or sets the distribution parameter object
(C++11) (public member function)
min returns the minimum potentially generated value
(C++11) (public member function)
max returns the maximum potentially generated value
(C++11) (public member function)

Non-member functions¶

operator==
operator!= compares two distribution objects
(C++11) (function)
(C++11)(removed in C++20)
operator<< performs stream input and output on pseudo-random number
operator>> distribution
(C++11) (function template)

Example¶

// Run this code

#include <algorithm>
#include <cmath>
#include <iomanip>
#include <iostream>
#include <map>
#include <random>
#include <vector>

template<int Height = 5, int BarWidth = 1, int Padding = 1, int Offset = 0, class Seq>
void draw_vbars(Seq&& s, const bool DrawMinMax = true)
{
static_assert(0 < Height and 0 < BarWidth and 0 <= Padding and 0 <= Offset);

auto cout_n = [](auto&& v, int n = 1)
{
while (n-- > 0)
std::cout << v;
};

const auto [min, max] = std::minmax_element(std::cbegin(s), std::cend(s));

std::vector<std::div_t> qr;
for (typedef decltype(*std::cbegin(s)) V; V e : s)
qr.push_back(std::div(std::lerp(V(0), 8 * Height,
(e - *min) / (*max - *min)), 8));

for (auto h{Height}; h-- > 0; cout_n('\n'))
{
cout_n(' ', Offset);

for (auto dv : qr)
{
const auto q{dv.quot}, r{dv.rem};
unsigned char d[]{0xe2, 0x96, 0x88, 0}; // Full Block: '█'
q < h ? d[0] = ' ', d[1] = 0 : q == h ? d[2] -= (7 - r) : 0;
cout_n(d, BarWidth), cout_n(' ', Padding);
}

if (DrawMinMax && Height > 1)
Height - 1 == h ? std::cout << "┬ " << *max:
h ? std::cout << "│ "
: std::cout << "┴ " << *min;
}
}

int main()
{
std::random_device rd{};
std::mt19937 gen{rd()};

std::student_t_distribution<> d{10.0f};

const int norm = 10'000;
const float cutoff = 0.000'3f;

std::map<int, int> hist{};
for (int n = 0; n != norm; ++n)
++hist[std::round(d(gen))];

std::vector<float> bars;
std::vector<int> indices;
for (const auto& [n, p] : hist)
if (float x = p * (1.0f / norm); cutoff < x)
{
bars.push_back(x);
indices.push_back(n);
}

for (draw_vbars<8, 5>(bars); const int n : indices)
std::cout << " " << std::setw(2) << n << " ";
std::cout << '\n';
}

Possible output:¶

█████ ┬ 0.3753
█████ │
▁▁▁▁▁ █████ │
█████ █████ ▆▆▆▆▆ │
█████ █████ █████ │
█████ █████ █████ │
▄▄▄▄▄ █████ █████ █████ ▄▄▄▄▄ │
▁▁▁▁▁ ▃▃▃▃▃ █████ █████ █████ █████ █████ ▃▃▃▃▃ ▁▁▁▁▁ ▁▁▁▁▁ ┴ 0.0049
-4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5

External links¶

Weisstein, Eric W. "Student's t-Distribution." From MathWorld — A Wolfram Web
Resource.